Veterinary Emergency: Leptospirosis Poses Deadly Risk to Dogs and Humans
Dog owners across the United Kingdom are being urged to remain vigilant for signs of a serious zoonotic disease known as leptospirosis, which can spread from pets to people. While cases in the UK are relatively uncommon, outbreaks often correlate with periods of increased rainfall and flooding, making awareness crucial for public and animal health.
Understanding the Bacterial Threat
Leptospirosis is a severe and potentially fatal infection caused by bacteria from the Leptospira strain. In dogs, the bacteria can enter the bloodstream and settle in vital organs such as the kidneys and liver, leading to critical health complications.
Critical Symptoms Requiring Immediate Attention
Veterinary professionals at the PDSA highlight a range of distressing symptoms that dog owners should watch for:
- Vomiting and diarrhoea
- Coughing and breathing difficulties
- Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes)
- Lethargy and general weakness
Although some dogs may recover without intervention, leptospirosis is considered a medical emergency. The PDSA warns that a dog can succumb to the disease within just two days of symptom onset, underscoring the need for immediate veterinary care to improve survival chances.
Transmission Routes and Contamination Risks
Dogs typically contract leptospirosis through contact with infected urine, often from rats, livestock, or other dogs. Transmission can occur via:
- Direct contact with contaminated urine
- Drinking from puddles, drains, or waterways tainted with bacteria
- Licking surfaces or objects exposed to infected urine
Specialists at PetMD emphasise that leptospirosis is primarily spread through contaminated water, with symptoms ranging from mild to severe organ damage.
Human Health Implications and Infection Risks
Humans face similar infection risks, primarily through direct exposure to animal urine that enters the body via wounds, grazes, or mucous membranes such as the eyes, nose, or mouth. While some individuals may experience minimal or no symptoms, others can develop multi-organ illness that may prove fatal in severe cases.
Common human symptoms include:
- Diarrhoea and nausea
- Jaundice and high fever
- Muscular pain and headaches
According to updated UK Government advice from 2024, infection is particularly prevalent among agricultural workers, military personnel, veterinary staff, and those engaged in water-based recreational activities like wild swimming.
Preventative Measures and Treatment Options
Fortunately, leptospirosis can be treated in both humans and dogs with antibiotics. Vaccinations are available for dogs to help prevent severe symptoms. The UK Government recommends eight key precautionary measures to reduce infection risk:
- Handwashing after animal contact or exposure to potentially contaminated water
- Prompt cleaning of wounds after exposure
- Showering as soon as possible after potential contamination
- Wearing protective clothing in high-risk environments
- Covering cuts and grazes with waterproof plasters
- Vaccinating domestic dogs against leptospirosis
- Avoiding contact with rodents and implementing control measures
- Avoiding swimming and watersports in areas with high contamination levels
By recognising symptoms early and adhering to these preventative steps, dog owners and at-risk individuals can significantly mitigate the dangers posed by this serious bacterial infection.
