Medical experts are urging the public to be aware of a rare and unpredictable heart condition that can strike without warning, even in seemingly healthy individuals. Known as Spontaneous Coronary Artery Dissection (SCAD), this life-threatening event occurs when a tear forms inside a coronary artery wall, leading to a dangerous blockage.
What is SCAD and why is it so dangerous?
Spontaneous coronary artery dissection happens when one or more layers of a coronary artery tear away from the outer wall. This creates a flap where blood can pool, forming a clot that can obstruct blood flow to the heart and trigger a heart attack. The condition is termed 'spontaneous' because its root cause remains a mystery to doctors and researchers.
Unlike typical heart disease, SCAD often affects people with no conventional risk factors such as high cholesterol. It is most frequently diagnosed in women between the ages of 45 and 53, accounting for roughly 80% of all cases. Notably, it can also develop during or shortly after pregnancy.
Symptoms and the urgent need for action
The warning signs of a SCAD event are similar to those of angina or a heart attack. The British Heart Foundation (BHF) stresses that anyone experiencing these symptoms should call 999 immediately.
The key symptoms to watch for include:
- Chest pain or pressure
- Pain radiating to the arms, neck, jaw, back, or stomach
- Sudden dizziness or lightheadedness
- Unexplained shortness of breath or extreme fatigue
- Nausea, sweating, or feeling clammy
The BHF states clearly that "the condition can’t currently be predicted or prevented." This underscores the critical importance of seeking emergency care at the first sign of trouble, as early diagnosis is vital. Many cases are only identified after a serious cardiac event like a heart attack has already occurred.
Treatment and recovery from a frightening diagnosis
Treatment for SCAD varies depending on the severity of the dissection. Options include medications to manage pain and prevent further clots, the insertion of stents to prop open the affected artery, or, in rare cases, coronary artery bypass surgery.
Beyond physical treatment, the BHF highlights the significant psychological impact of a SCAD diagnosis. "A SCAD diagnosis can be frightening, especially if you've found out about it after an emergency," they note. Feelings of isolation are common due to the rarity of the condition.
The charity advises patients to speak about their feelings with a GP, cardiac rehabilitation nurse, or counsellor. Support is also available through online services for those who prefer it.
While SCAD remains an enigmatic and spontaneous threat, public awareness of its symptoms could be lifesaving, enabling faster emergency response and treatment for those affected.
