People taking Metformin, the primary treatment for type 2 diabetes, have been alerted to both additional beneficial effects and potential side effects. Writing on The Conversation website, Dipa Kamdar, Senior Lecturer in Pharmacy Practice at Kingston University, explained that the drug has helped millions control blood sugar and is now being researched for effects on ageing, cancer, heart health, and fertility.
Origins and Development
Metformin originates from the plant galega officinalis, also known as French lilac or goat's rue, which was used in folk remedies for symptoms now associated with diabetes, such as excessive thirst and frequent urination. In the early 20th century, scientists isolated blood sugar-lowering compounds from the plant. After years of refinement, metformin emerged as a relatively safe and effective medicine, introduced in the UK in the late 1950s.
Established Benefits
Trials found Metformin effective at lowering glucose and reducing diabetes-related complications, making it the main treatment for type 2 diabetes worldwide.
Potential New Uses
Research is exploring Metformin for other conditions. Kamdar noted one common off-label use is for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Many with PCOS have insulin resistance, leading to high insulin levels that stimulate ovaries to produce more androgens, disrupting ovulation. By improving insulin sensitivity, metformin can help reduce these effects and regulate the menstrual cycle.
Metformin is also being studied for effects on ageing and longevity. Kamdar stated, "Although early findings are intriguing, there is still no conclusive evidence that it slows ageing in humans." Some research suggests neuroprotective effects, potentially protecting against dementia, but evidence is inconsistent and large trials are needed.
Side Effects and Warnings
Users may experience nausea, stomach discomfort, diarrhoea, changes in taste, and loss of appetite. More seriously, vitamin B12 deficiency has been repeatedly observed in those taking metformin. "This may happen because the drug reduces how well vitamin B12 is absorbed in the gut," Kamdar explained. Over time, low B12 can lead to anaemia or peripheral neuropathy, causing tingling, numbness, pain, or weakness in hands or feet.
