Storm Aftermath: UK Floods Threaten Wildlife While Nature Offers Solutions
Surveying the landscape flooded after Storm Chandra by the rising waters of the River Otter in Honiton, Devon, reveals a scene of devastation. The deluges brought by the storm have taken a terrible toll on local ecosystems, with conservationists warning of apocalyptic consequences for vulnerable species.
Apocalyptic Scenes for Wildlife
"The flood waters are only good for scavenger species," says Steve Hussey, communications officer with the Devon Wildlife Trust, searching hard for a silver lining to last week's deluges. "When the waters recede, crows and ravens will feast on the carrion of hedgehogs, dormice and other small animals unable to escape the rising water."
Hussey describes the situation as sounding "very apocalyptic", highlighting how between Tuesday and Wednesday last week, some areas in the west of the UK saw more than 110mm (4.3in) of rain during the storm. The deluge meant several places in south-west England broke daily records for January rainfall, causing authorities to issue rare "danger to life" flood warnings, with more than 100 flood alerts remaining in place.
Unseen Consequences for Ecosystems
As heavy rain and strong winds continue to buffet the west of the UK, conservationists face the consequences of extreme weather for wildlife in a warming world. In parts of the country, some nature reserves are completely under water, rivers have burst their banks, and butterfly and other insect eggs will probably have been washed away.
"For the long-term health and robustness of our wildlife, it's bad," explains Hussey. "Wildflowers suffer in the same way as a farmer's crop that has been washed away. It is difficult to come back from and there are unseen consequences."
He illustrates this with a poignant example: "Some butterfly species overwinter as caterpillars. If they are washed away, what does it mean for a blue tit in a couple of months' time who needs to feed their chicks?"
Nature as Part of the Solution
Rising temperatures mean extreme rainfall events have become more severe during storms in the UK, with research indicating they are 20% more intense. But many conservationists argue that nature can also be part of the solution for mitigating flood water, particularly for slowing its movement through the landscape and avoiding fast-moving deluges that damage properties and threaten human life.
Many urban areas already use nature to control the flow of water, with places such as Wuhan in China and Berlin in Germany using a "sponge city" approach in their planning. These places use green areas to absorb rainwater and slow its movement, an approach environmentalists say is needed on a landscape scale in the UK.
The Critical Role of Wetland Restoration
The UK has lost more than 90% of its wetlands in the past 100 years, today covering just 3% of the country. In many places, river systems and wetlands have been altered to funnel water away from land as quickly as possible instead of allowing it to naturally burst out on to floodplains.
Environmentalists say that restoring wetlands and the natural flow of rivers, along with continuing the reintroduction of ecosystem engineers such as beavers, will help create more resilient landscapes. "It is all about slowing the flow of water," says Jamie Marsh, director of land management at Hampshire and Isle of Wight Wildlife Trust.
"And the reason we get really passionate about beavers is because they do all of this naturally. When humans do it, it's a long process that involves mapping and modelling, specialist consultancies and getting permission through different agencies. It's long and expensive. Beavers do it for free."
Beaver Reintroduction and Its Limits
The rodent, Britain's largest, is thriving in many parts of the country after a 400-year absence. Their dams are designed to transform streams and small rivers into ponds, which stop rainwater from rapidly draining. During times of drought, their dams hold more water in the landscape, making the ecosystems more resilient in the summer.
With at least 2,000 beavers in the UK so far, their numbers are expected to rise. However, conservationists caution that much deeper changes are needed. Reconnecting rivers with floodplains and allowing them to meander naturally in high-risk areas are vital measures that must accompany species reintroduction.
"We have 30 beaver families on the River Otter, which flooded this week. We can't expect them to sort it," warns Hussey. "They have to be part of a bigger mix. If you are waist-deep in your house in Ottery St Mary at the moment, having beavers in that river system isn't going to make much of a difference. We need to tackle soil compaction, plant trees in the right place and improve soil health."
The devastating floods from Storm Chandra have highlighted both the vulnerability of UK wildlife to extreme weather events and the potential for nature-based solutions to create more resilient landscapes for the future.
